Dubuque, Iowa
The city of Dubuque, which is 95 percent white, has long historic ties to the Ku Klux Klan. In the 1920s, the Klan’s power became visible in the area. Several crosses were burned in the area over an 18-month period. In 1925, the Klan held a gathering that they called a “Konklave.” Over 50,000 people attended the rally. The Klan held another “Konklave,” as well as a parade.
Parma, Ohio
The city of Parma is 95 percent white and only 2.2 percent Black. The city has a long history of housing discrimination, which is made apparent by the 1961 case The United States of America vs. City of Parma, Ohio. The city claimed Parma became racially segregated solely as a result of associational preferences and economics, and not because of racial discrimination. The case refuted that, and it was determined that the segregation was due to housing discrimination.